Mendels Law of Independent Assortment

In the 1860s, a monk named Gregor Mendel discovered many of the principles that govern heredity. One of these principles, now known as Mendels law of independent assortment, states that allele pairs separate during the formation of gametes. This means that traits are transmitted to offspring independently of one another. Key Takeaways Due to the law of independent assortment, traits are transmitted from parents to offspring independently of one another.Mendels law of segregation is closely related to and foundational to his law of independent assortment.Not all inheritance patterns conform to Mendelian segregation patterns.Incomplete dominance results in a third phenotype. This phenotype is an amalgam of the parent alleles.In co-dominance, both of the parental alleles are expressed fully. The result is a third phenotype that has characteristics of both alleles. Mendel discovered this principle after performing dihybrid crosses between plants that had two traits, such as seed color and pod color, that differed from one another. After these plants were allowed to self-pollinate, he noticed that the same ratio of 9:3:3:1 appeared among the offspring. Mendel concluded that traits were transmitted to offspring independently. The image above shows a true-breeding plant with the dominant traits of green pod color (GG) and yellow seed color (YY) being cross-pollinated with a true-breeding plant with yellow pod color (gg) and green seed color (yy). The resulting offspring are all heterozygous for green pod color and yellow seed color (GgYy). If the offspring are allowed to self pollinate, a 9:3:3:1 ratio will be seen in the next generation. About nine  plants will have green pods and yellow seeds, three will have green pods and green seeds, three will have yellow pods and yellow seeds, and one will have a yellow pod and green seeds. This distribution of traits of typical of dihybrid crosses. Mendels Law of Segregation Foundational to the law of independent assortment is the law of segregation. Mendels earlier experiments led him to formulate this genetics principle. The law of segregation is based on four main concepts. The first is that genes exist in more than one form or allele. Secondly, organisms inherit two alleles (one from each parent) during sexual reproduction. Thirdly, these alleles separate during meiosis, leaving each gamete with one allele for a single trait. Finally, heterozygous alleles exhibit complete dominance, as one allele is dominant and the other is recessive. It is the segregation of alleles that allows for the independent transmission of traits. Underlying Mechanism Unbeknownst to Mendel during his time, we now know that genes are located on our chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes, one of which we get from our mother and the other we get from our father, have these genes in the same location on each of the chromosomes. While the homologous chromosomes are very similar, they are not identical due to different gene alleles. During meiosis I, in metaphase I, as the homologous chromosomes line up at the cells center, their orientation is random so we can see the basis for independent assortment. Non-Mendelian Inheritance Pink Snapdragons. Crezalyn Nerona Uratsuji / Moment / Getty Images Some patterns of inheritance do not exhibit regular Mendelian segregation patterns. In incomplete dominance, for example, one allele does not completely dominate the other. This results in a third phenotype that is a mixture of those observed in the parent alleles. An example of incomplete dominance can be seen in snapdragon plants. A red snapdragon plant that is cross-pollinated with a white snapdragon plant produces pink snapdragon offspring. In co-dominance, both alleles are fully expressed. This results in a third phenotype that displays distinct characteristics of both alleles. For example, when red tulips are crossed with white tulips, the resulting offspring sometimes have flowers that are both red and white. While most genes contain two allele forms, some have multiple alleles for a trait. A common example of this in humans is ABO blood type. ABO blood types have three alleles, which are represented as (IA, IB, IO). Some traits are polygenic, which means that they are controlled by more than one gene. These genes may have two or more alleles for a specific trait. Polygenic traits have many possible phenotypes. Examples of such traits include skin color and eye color. Sources Reece, Jane B., and Neil A. Campbell. Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings, 2011.

Essay on Programs for the Treatment of Autism - 1679 Words

Programs for the Treatment of Autism Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder first termed by a man by the name of Kanner in 1943. He described a group of children as having severe language, behavior, and social interaction difficulties. These descriptors are what have come to be the core elements of autism today. Autism is characterized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (4th ed.) by a continuum of abnormal development in social interaction and communication combined with a restricted repertoire of activities and interests. Children with autism are typically diagnosed by the age of two, with the prognosis generally being poor. The American Psychiatric Associations 1994 estimated prevalence is about 1 per 1,000†¦show more content†¦Both children in the experimental group and control 1 received intensive one-to-one treatment beginning at average ages of 34.6 and 40.9 months respectively and continuing for two or more years. Children in the experimental group received at least 40 hours of treatmen t per week, whereas children in control 1 received 10 hours or less per week. Children in control 2 were not treated by the YAP personnel, but were given an unspecified form of treatment (Gresham et al., 1999). At the end of the project, 47% of the children in the experimental group were reported as having recovered. This indicating that their IQ scores were in the normal range (M=7, Range=94-120), they had passed the first grade in a regular education classroom, and they showed continuing increases in social, emotional, and educational functioning. Lovaas also reported that the school staff described these children as indistinguishable from their normal peers. No children from control 1 and only one child from control 2 reached this point of recovery (Gresham et al., 1999). Although the YAP appears to have been successful, there are many methodological issues to be considered. Most importantly is the lack of random selection, being a threat to both internal and external validi ty. For example, we cannot prove that the improvements were a direct cause of the treatment and had nothing to do with the children being from the same area. This study has not been able to beShow MoreRelatedAutism And The Prevalence Of Autism762 Words   |  4 PagesThe term autism has become a hot topic in recent years. The increasing number of children being diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) coupled with the uncertainty of the cause and treatment methods has only added fuel to the fire. The Center for Disease Control currently reports the rate of diagnosis at 1 in 68 children (Baio, 2014). 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With little more to go on than that of what the parents have observed, Sally’s pediatrician has decided that she should be tested for autism. ThereRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder. Like many other psychological disorders, it is commonly misunderstood in popular culture. Many allude to it casually, often equating it with crippling social awkwardness and disability when it is in fact a spectrum disorder with many degrees of severity. It is somewhat of an enigma within the scientific community as well; there are many things we do not know about ASD and there is ongoing research to learn moreRead MoreThe Developmental And Neurological Disorder1269 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorder that will appear within the first three years of a child’s life. A child that has autism will live in their own world, show minimal interests in others, and they will have a lack of social awareness. An autistic child will have a designated routine and perform odd behaviors that will be repeated frequently. These odd behaviors will include flapping of the hands or rocking back and fourth. Children with autism will have a difficult time communicating with others and they will avoid eye contactRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1446 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Health Problem Autism or autism spectrum disorder ( ASD) is a developmental disorder that has been found world wide. However unlike many other disorders, autism is fairly new in the sense that there is no cure nor a set factor causing it. Today, the public is more aware of the disorder, yet there is still concern about how to treat autism in children as well as what risk factors are more likely to lead to autism. Autism has been around for the past hundred years, however previous to theRead MoreThe Effects Of Autism On Children And Adults Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pages Autism AP 226 BD 12/06/2016 Elizabeth Kimbrough â€Æ' Imagine how you would feel not being able to express yourself, or not being understood by others. Think of all the struggles you may go through. This is how many children and adults that are living with Autism feel today. Autism is a serious disease that needs a cure to better the lives of children and adults. Autism is the fastest growing disability in the United States. There are many questions being asked about Autism. Is there a cure for AutismRead MoreChildhood Disorders1296 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood Disorders Autism and Children Abnormal Psychology Professor Bruce Cameron July 22, 2007 Abstract: Autism is a brain development disorder that is found in children usually before the age of three. Autism affects children and their â€Å"social interactions, impaired communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior.† (www.wikipedia.org) The number of children that have been diagnosed with autism is dramatically increasing. Boys are four times more likely than girls to beRead MoreAutism And Its Effects On Children1013 Words   |  5 PagesAutism is now becoming a more increasing common disorder that appears before the age of 36 months. There is still no known cause or cure for autism and vaccines have been a great source of controversy as a possible vaccine-autism link. Five decades of research now give parents a wider range of treatments to choose from. Autistic children grow up in their own world, unware of the world around them (Ruffman, Garnham, Rudeiyt, 2001). There have been numerous studies on teaching social skills techniques

War and Peace Free Essays

1310 10/17/12 War War is inevitable when disasters exist, but can sometimes be avoidable when conflicting over cultural matters. Primarily, it is in man’s best interest to provide for himself and his family. Those are his two biggest priorities. We will write a custom essay sample on War and Peace or any similar topic only for you Order Now When any kind of disaster occurs, he must first look after himself and his family before ensuring the safety of others. A civilization works in the same way. Its goal is to carry out the way of life of the people and ensure that it survives. It will fail to reach that goal if the people in the civilization aren’t willing to fight for themselves and what they believe in. If some kind of natural calamity strikes or an outside power that is willing to kill moves in and violently forces its own laws, traditions, and customs, the people must take appropriate actions or face the downfall of their own kind. They must fight to preserve their customs and traditions, or move to another place to live. Now if the intruding invader has any concern for the people, but still desires to enforce their laws upon them, non-violence can be used. Non-violence can only be an alternative to war if the force they are fighting against is non-violent. Otherwise, it will only get trampled upon by a violent, oppressive force. In order for a civilization to survive, it must have an adequate supply of resources for its people. A civilization’s supply of resources can easily be depleted by drought, famine, floods, disease and many other natural disasters. When this happens, the civilization must find a way to solve this problem. If a solution can’t be found while staying in the area, they must find another place to live, but that comes with risks. Going out and searching for a new place is very dangerous and many people may die. Another option the impoverished group of people might take would be to seek help to a nearby but separate establishment. This puts the struggling group in the hands of the healthy one. It is then up to the healthy group to decide if they are going to share their resources or deny it to them. The denial of aide will displease the struggling group and they might have to turn to violence to protect their people. This is because no compromise can be made and both groups are looking out for themselves. Humanity’s natural instinct o survive is the primary reason why violent wars are inevitable. As I have mentioned before, a civilization’s goal is to do anything they can to ensure the prominence and survival of their culture. The Crusades of the middle-ages are a perfect example of acting out on this cultural pride. In 1071, the Catholic Church had previously lost access of the Holy Lands to the Turks. They make a comeback in 1095, at the main series of the Crusades. A lot of conflict and fighting occurred at this time and lasted until 1291. Due to the reason they were fighting, war could have easily been avoidable. The Christians and the Muslims weren’t necessarily fighting for resources, but for the right to own the Holy Lands. The reason both religions wanted it was because both had ties to it. Since they weren’t fighting for resources, they should have been able to share the land without bloodshed. Both should have been able to exist with each other without conflict. Non-violence can be an alternative to war, but only if the people’s lives are a factor in the opposing force’s power. When the British were controlling their colonies in India, they were imposing taxes and trade. The British were using India for its own economic benefits. If the British started killing off the Indians, then there wouldn’t be anybody to pay them their taxes, not to mention it could start a war neither party could afford or want. Even if the British decided to get violent against the resistance, non-violence would have still been effective. This is because the British would use violence to induce fear, but at a cost. Since the British economy is dependent on the population of the people, they would actually damage themselves if they were to kill. When people are faced with the options to either fight or die because of competition over resources, they will chose to fight and war will occur. Some wars and conflicts in the past could have been avoided because both parties were intolerant of each other but wanted the same land. In this case, conflict should never have happened, and compromise should have been the solution. How to cite War and Peace, Essays

Global Tourism Destination Specialization -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Global Tourism Destination Specialization? Answer: Introduction Tourism is the cultural and social consolidation that provides sustainable input in the global economy. The travel activity has grown up around 25% in last ten years (Vila, Darcy Gonzlez, 2015). Thus, people encourage the traveling and take part in it. In this report, the effective discussion shed light on the traveling perspective of Canada, UK, Spain, and Costa Rica. All these places are very beautiful in terms of nature and climatic aspect but their influence in travel and tourism is being discussed here. Significance and impact of popular destination Tourism popularity is depended on certain criteria like the beauty of that place, environment and market accessibility, the source of raw material, emerging market of such valuable products, cheap tour possible planning, beaches, wildlife, and entertainment. These are the most advancing and demanding inputs that a tourist wants at his holiday place. The business of travel and tourism has sustained by the engagement and satisfaction of traveler, thus efforts and activities by the traveling employees must be there to make their organization a competitive advantage (Zhang, Lyu Yan, 2015). In global travel market, the position of traveling desire has cherished by Canada, Costa Rica, France, UK and other countries as people love their environment, culture, and markets. Costa Rica is a Central American region with tropical rainforest where people love to go there for feel such kind of beauty on earth. On the other hand, Canada is the second largest country with mountains and parks. The UK is being famous for their architecture, history, and heritage. The place is being famous for the historian traveler as well those who love the bridges, river, and theatres. A cultural accumulation is being seen over the place (Vila, Darcy Gonzlez, 2015). The travel and tourism business in Spain is quite effective and that contribute positive effect to the countrys GDP. 14.2% of GDP contribution has found in 2016 which has risen by 3.8% in 2017. The expected growth of travelling in Spain will be increased by 2.0% per annum within 2027 (Wttc.org, 2017). This is a phenomenal change that encourages the travelling experience in Spain. Frances travel and tourism sector has made a direct contribution of 90 % to GDP and established as the 5th GDP delivering nation. Thaila nd has a direct contribution of 9.2% in 2016 of total GDP from travel and tourism sector and that will rise by 6.7% per annum from 2017 to 2027 (Wttc.org, 2017). Macau has an immense contribution to the GDP as they contribute 43.9% in 2014 of total GDP from travel and tourism sector and this will rise 4.0% pa, from 2015 onwards (Wttc.org, 2017). New Zealand contribution to GDP is fluctuating 17.5% of total GDP has been extracted from traveling. The real contribution has found 31.8 billion US dollars and that accelerate the countrys economy. From the economic perspective, tourism helps in the global economy and generates more employment opportunities. The socio-cultural enhancement is also sustained and it makes a cultural identity of each country which reflects the traditional community of accumulation. The quality of service and the emergent community engagement is also welcomed by the stages of travel. The development of infrastructure encourages the prospects of tourism in the co untry. Generally, popular destinations are characterized by the ethnic beauty of the city, culture, variety of sea, mountain and wildlife all this are associated factors to enrich the development of the traveling economy. The strategic location of the place, food, art, and culture all these are associated belongings that traveling is supposed to concern with (Priego, Rossell Santana-Gallego, 2015). The location with all these things can be sustained as the popular location and those do not have such facilities are regarded as the less popular location. Opportunities and challenges of tourism The key challenges of tourism consist of several key sustainable points that highlight the nature of tourism in a country. The first and foremost challenge determines the seasonal demand and the accessibility into it by the tourists. Legitimate addressing of tourism transport and the availability of tourism convene challenges which the tourism department has to bear in. proper evaluation of natural heritage sites improve the quality of tourism. Resourcing of waste material and production use of waste is another issue of concern for them (Morrison, 2013). These all are the impactful challenges other than route planning, weather acceptance and all. Opportunities for investment growth, destination marketing, economic enhancement, an experience of new places and new people all these are rational opportunities of tourism. The growth rate of business has boosted up the economy of the country by recruiting people in the different departments of the tourist sector (Lloyd, 2014). The opportunities are influenced by the growing aspect in tourism. The world of tourism and their destination management has encouraged the world; people love to travel and that signifies the imperative travel industry, making the continuous improvement in travel and tourism economy. The future of travel and tourism department is a golden hope as the socio-demographic trend in traveling has emerged in the expected form that manages and improved the traveling scenario (Morrison, 2013). New designing in tourist module, special care for senior citizens, marketing engrossment, expansion of business world, new destination evolvement, more risk-free situations and more weather friendly and nature-friendly overview impacted the new traveling mindset and scenario (Conlin Bird, 2014). Conclusion Therefore the report can conclude that global tourism has grown in a rapid manner. The technological assistance, popular destinations, and opportunities of the traveling are impacted by the economy of travel and tourism. There are certain challenges they have to face for the sustainable business maintenance in traveling. Thus the natural beauty and committable traveling outcome will be considered as the upgraded economy of world travel and tourism. References: Conlin, M. V., Bird, G. R. (Eds.). (2014).Railway heritage and tourism: global perspectives(Vol. 37). Channel View Publications. Lloyd, D. W. (2014).Battlefield tourism: Pilgrimage and the commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919-1939. AC Black. Morrison, A. M. (2013).Marketing and managing tourism destinations. Routledge. Priego, F. J., Rossell, J., Santana-Gallego, M. (2015). The impact of climate change on domestic tourism: a gravity model for Spain.Regional environmental change,15(2), 291-300. Vila, T. D., Darcy, S., Gonzlez, E. A. (2015). Competing for the disability tourism marketa comparative exploration of the factors of accessible tourism competitiveness in Spain and Australia.Tourism Management,47, 261-272. Zhang, S. J., Lyu, P. H., Yan, Y. (2015). Global geographical and scientometric analysis of tourism-themed research.Scientometrics,105(1), 385-401. Wttc.org, (2017) Available from: https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2017/thailand2017.pdf [Accessed on 16th September 2017]

In What Ways Have ASDA Maintained Competitive Advantage Essay Example

In What Ways Have ASDA Maintained Competitive Advantage Paper The supermarket industry is fiercely competitive and is currently dominated by the Big Three companies: Sainsburys, Tesco and ASDA. To ensure that they remain in these three, it is important that each company gains and maintains their own competitive advantage. So, in what ways does ASDA do this? The three main factors that help ASDA maintain a competitive advantage are: * Reputation * Advertising * Market Research ASDA is well known for being the friendliest and cheapest supermarket. Customers can expect the legendary service with personality from all employees and the products they want at the lowest prices. This reputation is invaluable as it is the main reason why people shop and continue to shop at ASDA. To maintain this competitive advantage, ASDA make sure that their staff are as helpful as possible and regularly check to ensure that they are. All members of staff also wear Happy To Help badges to make them more approachable. ASDA try to emphasise this as much as possible, even one of their popular slogans is, Always Happy To Help. To ensure that they also have the lowest prices possible, ASDA hire employees to price check at rival supermarket chains. This has proven to be effective as they have been awarded the title of Britains Best Value Supermarket for the fifth consecutive year. Since 1999, ASDA have cut their prices by around i 0. 5 billion. Customers obviously recognise and value this as they continue to shop at ASDA. ASDA utilise advertising as an extremely powerful tool to attract customers. ASDA air more television commercials during daytime than any of their main competitors. We will write a custom essay sample on In What Ways Have ASDA Maintained Competitive Advantage specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on In What Ways Have ASDA Maintained Competitive Advantage specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on In What Ways Have ASDA Maintained Competitive Advantage specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They use this to make existing and potential customers aware of their latest deals and of course, that they are, always happy to help. These advertisements not only interest customers with their products but also make familiarise them with the name and associate ASDA with friendliness and great value. This association will make people who tend to shop at different supermarkets want to shop at ASDA if they feel that they offer a better service and are better value. Market research is also vitally important to maintain their competitive advantage. Market Research ensures that ASDA provide everything that their customer needs and also finds new products that customers would be interested in. To make this competitive advantage as long-lasting as possible, ASDA frequently research into customer care, consumer issues and product development, as well as ongoing advertising campaigns and price comparison. This helps ASDA keep ahead of the game and offer goods and services that their main competitors do not yet offer. Customers are also welcome to submit their feedback to ASDA through questionnaires available on their exit. These questionnaires help ASDA to find out the needs of their customers by interacting directly with them. Although these are the three main factors that help ASDA maintain a competitive advantage, others are just as important. These include the use of the Internet and innovation. ASDAs Internet shopping system has proven to be extremely popular. It is also a very cost-efficient way of advertising, which ASDA use to their full advantage. Internet shopping is becoming increasingly popular as it allows customers to shop from their own home instead of having to make the journey to the supermarket. Many customers prefer this because it allows them more free time, something that many people do not have much of in a busy, modern life. ASDA recognised this very early on and was one of the first UK Supermarkets to try out this system. Advertising on the Internet allows ASDA to target potential customers by advertising on a website that potential customers would be interested in. ASDA hire a group of people to constantly think up new ideas to stay ahead of the game and encourage staff and customers alike to make any suggestion that they want. ASDAs constant innovation has allowed customers a wider range of products available in ASDA. New specialised counters are constantly being added to help customers find what they want more easily and to ensure that the food is of high standard. These include specialisation in pizza, chicken, and fresh salads and fruits. Specialisation allows ASDA to assign employees to make a certain type of food. By just concentrating on this food, this ensures that it is of high quality and the employee will be as helpful as possible because they will know a lot about it. Conclusion ASDA rely on competitive advantage to keep their existing customers and to encourage other people to shop there. ASDA have many ways to ensure that they maintain this advantage. These include market research, advertising, the Internet, innovation and most importantly, their reputation. All of these factors guarantee that ASDA is more attractive to shoppers than their main competitors and make people want to shop there. ASDA take competitive advantage very seriously and this has caused them to win numerous awards including, Britains best value supermarket and also become the most popular supermarket in the UK.

Football kick biomechanics Essay Example

Football kick biomechanics Essay Example Football kick biomechanics Essay Football kick biomechanics Essay The effects of a strength and kick co-ordination preparation programme on lower limb speed, ball speed and articulatio genus extensor strength: Differences between male and female football participants. Football ( besides known as association football ) is one of the most popular squad athleticss worldwide ( Katis A ; Kellis, 2007 ) with 100s of 1000000s purported to play ( Masuda et al, 2005 ) and in conformity is watched on 6 continents ( Ekstrand, 1994 ) . Due to this popularity, football is a widely researched country with the volume of literature extended. Assorted research programmes have been undertaken in the country of football boot biomechanics with a scope of parametric quantities being measured and analysed, in an effort to understand the cardinal accomplishments required by the athletics, particularly the maximum association football boot ( Lees A ; Nolan, 1998 ) . Although the field is widely researched spreads still transpire. One of these spreads is gender differences ; small research is documented on the kick biomechanics of adult females s football as said by Barfield et Al ( 2002 ) , who states the rapid rise in female engagement in association football worldwid e has non been followed by a corresponding addition in the figure of surveies biomechanically that mark female kicking forms to find if differences exist between males and females . Lee and Nolan ( 1998 ) province that success in football depends on kicking public presentation, with new facets of this being identified ( Kathis A ; Kellis, 2007 ) . Shan and Westerhoff ( 2005 ) believe that the scientific apprehension of the athletics is non yet on the same echelon as its pattern, later its sharers get their accomplishments non through research based direction but through single experience ; proposing that biomechanical feedback may ease an jock further. Kicking public presentation and kick co-ordination : Biomechanical kicking success in football has been measured predominately by maximal ball speed ( Markovic et al, 2006 ) with Dorge et Al ( 2002 ) saying it could be this velocity that is peculiarly of import when kicking towards end. When kicking a ball, participants will utilize the most appropriate signifier dependent on the purpose and nature of the result ( Numone et al, 2002 ) and harmonizing to a survey by Grant et Al ( 1998 ) , who analysed informations from the 1998 World Cup, the instep boot ( IK ) ( see figure 1 ) and sidefoot boot are the most normally used techniques to hit. The ball speed of the maximal IK is the chief index in kicking public presentation ( Orloff et al, 2008 ) and has been said to be the consequence of assorted factors including technique ( Lees and Nolan, 1998 ) , gender ( Barfield et al, 2002 ) , musculus strength and power of participants ( De Proft et Al, 1988 ; Dutta A ; Subraminium, 2002 ) . The IK is a cardinal accomplishment that is used on many occasions during football ( see figure 1 ) , with Orloff et Al ( 2008 ) saying that the mechanics in instep kicking are critical in finding kick public presentation. Transportation of impulse from the thigh to the leg is believed to play an of import function in instep kicking, nevertheless these claims have non been once and for all quantified ( Dunn A ; Putnam, 1988 ) . The IK involves a sequence of impulse from proximal ( thigh ) to distal ( shank and pes ) organic structure sections in the kicking limb as it is a swing action ( Barfield et al, 2002 ) that should be a natural fluid gesture ( Clagg et al, 2009 ) . When a boot is performed the proximal section initiates the motion taking the kicking leg backwards, with the distal section dawdling behind, forward motion of the leg occurs when the proximal section has reached its possible at backswing and is brought frontward whilst the articulatio genus continues to flex ( Wickstrom, 1975 ; Dorge et Al, 2002 ) . This is followed by a slowing of the proximal section due to gesture dependent minutes from the shank ( Putnam, 1991 ) ; upon ball impact the proximal section is about stationary, at which point the distal section is speed uping and smartly widening about the articulatio genus to about full extension at ball impact ( Wickstrom, 1975 ) ( see figure 2 ) . At the point of contact, of instep to ba ll, powerful kickers keep the foot/ankle composite locked and plantarflexed, as a effect the forces that propel the ball are maximised ( Hay, 1996 ; Tsaousidid and Zatsiorsky, 1996 ) . Lower limb speeds ( Levanon A ; Dapena, 1988 ) are said to be an of import determiner of ball speed. Manolopoulos et Al ( 2006 ) province that a greater shank speed is declarative of a more powerful shooting, the survey conducted by Manolopoulous et Al ( 2006 ) concluded that a strength and kick co-ordination preparation programme over a 10 hebdomad period can do an betterment in angular speeds of sections. A survey conducted by Barfield et Al ( 2002 ) found that a greater ball speed was found with greater angular speed of the distal section ( in male football players ) . From this literature it can be assumed that a individual with a high lower limb speed should hold a high ball speed. It has been theorised that the length, velocity and angle of attack are the most of import facets of the preparatory stage, before motion transpires, holding a important consequence on football boot success ( Isokawa A ; Lees, 1988 ; Kellis et Al, 2004 ) .When a football boot is performed the jock may kick the ball from a stationary place or attack the ball from a certain distance ( Kathis A ; Kellis, 2007 ) , Opavsky ( 1988 ) states that higher ball speeds are established when there is a running attack, of at least two to three stairss, to the ball in contrast to a dead attack. Another of import point is that a ball will in most instances be traveling towards the participant ; accordingly the participant will non be hitting a stationary ball as is frequently the instance in research lab conditions, supported by Tol et Al ( 2002 ) . Kellis and Katis ( 2007 ) province that higher ball velocity values have been during competition in contrast to a research lab scene. Isokawa A ; Lees ( 1988 ) concluded that on mean maximal swing leg speed occurred at an attack angle of between 30 A ; deg ; and 45 A ; deg ; , with a maximal speed resulting at 45 A ; deg ; . From this happening it can be alleged that 45 A ; deg ; is the optimum attack angle for a maximum speed instep association football boot ( Clagg et al, 2009 ) . Maximum ball velocity and its relationship with truth is one which has been investigated with interesting consequences. Asami et Al ( 1976 ) reported that by demanding both velocity and truth from participants, an 80 % bead of the maximum value occurs as a consequence, this is a considerable decrease ; nevertheless is farther supported in literature saying that accurate kicking is achieved through slower ball speeds and kicking gesture ( Katis A ; Kellis, 2007 ; Lees A ; Nolan, 1998 ; Teixeira et Al, 1999 ) . Katis A ; Kellis ( 2007 ) deduce that a defined mark, such as a end, will find the existent restraints on truth, with its use taking to a tradeoff between velocity and truth of boot. Another factor that could suppress a maximum speed IK is the kicking limb chosen. Many surveies have found that higher ball speeds are found when football participants kick with their dominant limb as opposed to boots with the non-dominant limb ; this has been attributed to higher pes velocities and a better inter-segmental form ( Numone et al, 2006 ; Dorge et Al, 2002 ) ; Manopoluous et Al ( 2006 ) province that ball velocity is the consequence of several segmental actions of the organic structure during a boot, figure 3 illustrates the motions of the organic structure sections during different stages of the boot. Female and Male football players Surveies sing male football public presentation in relation to kick biomechanics is a good researched country, nevertheless this does non correlate to the deficiency of cognition gained when researching for female information. This statement is supported by McLean et Al ( 2005 ) and Hewett et Al ( 2006 ) who both acknowledge that few surveies have characterised or examined female athletic public presentation in specific athleticss such as association football, along with the averment from Barfield ( 2002 ) that the rapid rise in female engagement in association football worldwide has non been followed by a corresponding addition in the figure of surveies biomechanically that mark female kicking forms to find if differences exist between males and females . It is thought that the designation of kinematic differences between the sexes could potentially play a critical function in the instruction and preparation of draw a bead oning female association football participants ( Barfield et al, 2002 ) . Consequently it can be assumed that female surveies should be regarded to be of high importance and those found could assist to eliminate immense differences between the sexes. With this said there are a few surveies that have compared male and females, and surveies that have entirely looked at females. A survey by Barfield et Al ( 2002 ) investigated differences between elect female and male association football participants. The survey concluded that males kick the ball with greater ball speed on the instep boot than adult females ( see table 1 for average ball speed achieved in this survey ) and the differences in kinematic variables investigated were significantly different between the sexes, although this was little. However in this survey there was one exclusion to the instance, as it was found that one female generated greater ball speed on two of her three boots than the males on her dominant side, proposing that non everyone follows the tendency. A survey by Tant et Al ( 1991 ) supports Barfield et Al ( 2002 ) findings, as it was found that male participants produce greater ball velocities than their female opposite numbers, they attributed this determination to greater strength that males recorded ; as tested on an isokinetic ergometer. In contrast to these findings, a survey by Orloff et Al ( 2008 ) comparing the dynamicss and kinematics of the works leg place between males and female collegiate association football participant during an instep boot, found that ball velocity did non differ significantly between the two sexes as was hypothesised. Table 1 illustrates mean ball speeds, runing from 15 to 30 m.s-1, achieved during a figure of surveies most of which occurred with the instep boot. Merely one survey shown provides inside informations of a average female ball speed one time more bespeaking the deficiency of research on female football engagement. Strength preparation It has been stated that kicking public presentation when measured by agencies of maximum ball speed, can be improved by strength preparation ( DeProft et al, 1988 ; Jelusic et Al, 1992 ; Taiana et Al, 1993 ) , associating to Wisloff et Al ( 2004 ) who states that maximum strength is an of import factor in successful association football public presentation ; this is because of the evident demands seeable from the game. Strength has been defined as the integrated consequences of several force bring forthing musculuss executing maximally, either isometrically or dynamically during a individual voluntary attempt of a defined undertaking ( Hoff A ; Helgerud, 2004 ) ; Schmidtbleicher ( 1992 ) provinces that strength influences all other constituents and therefore it is located in an upper hierarchal degree. The usage of strength preparation is a common agency of bettering musculus map and has been said to develop public presentation of kicking accomplishment through apt preparation ( Ma suda et al, 2005 ) . Gomez et Al ( 2008 ) believe that the coalescing of strength preparation with proficient preparation affecting motor undertakings is required for betterments in public presentations to happen, this relates to the traditional preparation rule of specificity ; Behm A ; Sale ( 1993 ) and Sale ( 1992 ) support this rule as they believe that preparation is intended to match to specificity in athletics itself, this is in footings of contraction type, contraction force, motions and speed. This can be related to football preparation, since the cardinal facet of football is kicking and this involves a complex series of interactive motions of the lower limbs, which in kernel would be highly complex to copy with simple strength-training motions ( Bangsbo, 1994 ) . Therefore strength preparation should be integrated into football preparation with several types and velocities of preparation affecting the existent motion form in order to increase public presentation ( Masuda et al, 2005 ) . If a relationship between musculus strength and public presentation exists so it can be assumed that positive effects should go perceptible when mensurating ball speed, if these public presentation heightening developing benefits are non apparent so jocks may non be motivated to take part in strength preparation ( Myer et al, 2005 ) . Myer et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a survey that explored the effects that a comprehensive neuromuscular preparation programme had over a period of six hebdomads. The research workers measured public presentation and lower appendage motion biomechanics in female jocks, it was concluded that female jocks who trained with this six hebdomad programme could derive public presentation sweetenings and important betterments in motion biomechanics. Myer et Al ( 2005 ) states that female jocks may particularly profit from multi-component neuromuscular preparation, as females frequently display decreased baseline degrees of strength and power when compared with their male opposite numbers. The old statement is supported by Kraemer et Al ( 2003 ) and Kraemer et Al ( 2001 ) who believe that a comprehensive preparation programme may significantly increase power, strength and neuromuscular control and hence decrease gender differences in these steps. Campo et Al ( 2009 ) conducted a survey over a period of 12 hebdomads on female association football participants ; this involved the project of a plyometric plan. It was found that this plan produced betterments in explosive strength in the female jocks and accordingly this betterment could be transferred to soccer kick public presentation in footings of ball speed ; this survey besides lends grounds to the usage of plyometrics in a strength preparation plan. Surveies by Aagaard et Al ( 1996 ) and Trolle et Al ( 1993 ) found similarities within their consequences, since no important betterments in kicking public presentation were established after knee-extension strength preparation. However De Proft et Al ( 1988 ) , Gomez et Al ( 2008 ) and Monolopoulos et Al ( 2006 ) all conducted strength developing programmes that combined strength with another signifier of preparation, football preparation, plyometric exercisings and technique exercisings ( kick co-ordination ) severally, found important betterments in kicking public presentation ( maximum instep football boot ) . The surveies by Gomez et Al ( 2008 ) and Myer et Al ( 2005 ) took topographic point over a 6wk period, with the survey by Monolopoulos et Al ( 2006 ) taking topographic point over 10 hebdomads and Campo et Al ( 2009 ) over a 12 hebdomad period, proposing that the length of a preparation programme is interchangeable to derive relevant consequences. Hoff A ; Helgerud ( 2004 ) province that research based on strength preparation is frequently non conclusive ; this may be due to the discrepancies in measuring techniques. Knee musculuss Assorted surveies have examined the musculus activation patterns that arise during a football boot ; one of the findings to come from surveies is the high activation of articulatio genus musculus groups ( De Proft et Al, 1988 ) . To analyze this farther, maximum isokinetic information has been undertaken to analyze the minute of force of the articulatio genus extensors and flexors, this has been investigated in male participants ( Brady et al, 1993 ; Oberg et Al, 1984 ; Oberg et Al, 1986 ) , female participants ( Reilly A ; Drust, 1997 ) and in relation to football kick public presentation ( Cabri et al, 1988 ; Poulmedis, 1988 ; Reilly A ; Drust, 1997 ) . Rapid articulatio genus flexure and extension is an of import portion of a football boot as the articulatio genus flexes so extends at impact, this motion is accompanied by a stretch of the knee muscular structure during backswing ensued by immediate shortening during distal section motion ( Katis A ; Kellis, 2009 ) . The action of the proximal section being brought frontward whilst the distal section slowdowns behind ( as the articulatio genus is still flexing ) serves to stretch the extensor musculuss of the proximal section before shortening of them is needed, this necessitates the coevals of big end-point velocity ( Lees A ; Nolan, 1998 ) . It can be assumed that if the articulatio genus extensor musculuss are powerful so they should ease in big terminal point velocity ( greater ball speed ) . Isokinetic musculus testing is frequently used to measure strength within athletics, with a scope of informations gettable from its usage ( Ozcakar et al, 2003 ) nevertheless controversy surrounds its application. Wisloff et Al ( 2004 ) believe that isokinetic trials do non reflect the existent motions of the lower limb sections during a football boot, and Dvir ( 1996 ) states that this is due to the nature of proving articulatio genus extensors, as it is a single-joint constellation, it is limited in functional range. A survey by Reilly A ; Drust ( 1994 ) , have reported consequences for female association football participants that show a high correlativity between ball velocity and articulatio genus extensor strength, this is supported by McLean and Tumilty ( 1993 ) who province that maximum strength of articulatio genus extensor musculuss is an of import determiner of kick public presentation. Asami et Al ( 1982 ) study that the ball speed and articulatio genus extensor strength relationship of the kicking limb may good depend on the skill degree of the participants, proposing that the strength of the musculuss in the articulatio genus has less input on ball speed in football participants whom are more skilled. This statement implies that less skilled participants rely more on their muscular strength than accomplishment. De Proft et Al ( 1988 ) conducted a strength preparation programme for football players and found a 25 % addition in homocentric musculus strength of extensors. Surveies have shown that articulatio genus extensor strength and boot public presentation nevertheless did non hold a positive relationship, as for illustration Masuda et Al ( 2005 ) found that articulatio genus extension/flexion strength was non correlated with the ball speed and Aagaard et Al ( 1996 ) conducted a 12 hebdomad preparation programme on the isokinetic strength of the articulatio genus extensors and flexors, with an addition in isokinetic and homocentric strength found, but it was concluded that this addition did non assist ease betterments in public presentation. Expectations and hypotheses From current literature it is expected that the usage of a strength preparation programme integrated with proficient game drama, will hold a positive important betterment from pre-test to post-test on both females and males as old research has shown that a strength preparation programme improves public presentation ( Manolopoulos et al. , 2004 ; De Proft et al. , 1988 ; Dutta A ; Subramanium, 2002 ) , nevertheless the female group are expected to hold a bigger betterment as they frequently have lower degree of strength to get down ( Myer et al, 2005 ) go forthing more room for betterment, and work forces will hold a better kicking public presentation determined by ball speed as they possess more power ( Barfield et al, 2002 ; Tant et Al, 1991 ) . It is besides expected that an betterment in articulatio genus musculus strength, limb speed and pes speed at ball contact will take to an betterment in ball speed as it can be said that kicking public presentation can be related to leg mus culus strength as it is the musculuss which are straight responsible for the increasing velocity of the pes and hence attendant ball speed ( Lees A ; Nolan, 1998 ) . This information leads to the hypotheses for this survey. It is hypothesised that after a strength preparation and kick co-ordination programme both work forces and adult females will happen important betterments in their kicking public presentation and articulatio genus extensor strength, females will hold a greater betterment in the pre to post trial consequences than their male opposite numbers, work forces will hold greater ball speed both pre and station trial than adult females, betterments in articulatio genus strength, limb speed and pes speed will take to an betterment in ball speed. Materials and methods Pilot proving Before any existent informations aggregation commenced two pilot trials were conducted. This was to enable any facets of the proving process to be checked, leting countries of failing and uncertainness to be enhanced and/or alterations necessitating to happen to be implemented before existent testing transpired. The first pilot trial involved kinematic analysis informations aggregation, utilizing Qualysis Oqus 3D gesture gaining control system, at a trying rate of 500 Hz, under laboratory conditions. A participant was marked up with a lower limb marker set ( see figure 7 and 8 ) , a warm up and relevant instructions were given. 5 maximal speed boots were performed with the dominant pes at a mark ( 1.82m x 1.2m ) set 6 meters off from the place of the ball, a 2metre attack distance of ego selected attack angle was allowed and a Sports radio detection and ranging preciseness gun ( SRA 3000 ) was positioned behind the mark. Uncertainties sing mark size, attack distance and quality of informations aggregation were put under examination. Collaboration with the participant allowed for uncertainnesss such as mark size and distance of attack to be modified. Quality of informations was checked and it appeared non all parts of the motion were captured or markers seeable at all times ( see figure 4 ) . Due to these findings the pilot proving resulted in alterations to the planned protocol, such as attack distance ( an excess meter allowance was given ) , patch size ( was halved to forestall covering of markers ) , standardization technique in respects to country dynamically covered was increased ( to cover all motion performed ) and appropriate marker arrangement took topographic point ( wrong palpitation had antecedently taken topographic point ) . The 2nd pilot trial was an extension of the first, relevant alterations were made as celebrated in pilot trial 1, with proving on the isokinetic ergometer ( ISOCOM- isokinetic engineering, eurokinetics ) included for strength informations. A warm up was conducted prior to utilize, with the engagement of dynamic motions to assist retroflex the motion on the isokinetic ergometer, one time completed 5 pattern tests took topographic point followed by 3 tests that were collected as the information. This allowed for any clip restraints for the two conjoined to be noted. It was found that the proving on the isocom took longer than the kinematic informations, as it was expected that this would be approximately the same clip ; so execution of a suited clip system could happen. Marker issues antecedently noted in pilot 1 were non debatable ; this could be due to the increased country of standardization and anatomical landmark markers non being covered by patchs. Figure 5 shows that most inform ations was captured and tracked, giving grounds to betterments made being effectual, when comparing figure 4 and 5 against each other. The excess meter attack distance allowance proved successful with aggregation of informations running more smoothly. Participants Sixteen amateur football participants volunteered to take part in this survey, eight females and eight males. Participants were split with respects to gender and assigned to either the female control group ( FCG ) ( n= 4 females ; age 20  ± 0.8 old ages ; height 169  ± 5.8cm ; organic structure mass 68.9  ± 11.1 kilogram ; all mean  ± venereal disease ) , the male control group ( MCG ) ( n= 4 males ; age, 21  ± 1 twelvemonth ; height 177.5  ± 7 centimeter ; organic structure mass 77  ± 10 kilogram ; all mean  ± venereal disease ) , the female strength preparation experimental group ( FTG ) ( n= 4 females ; age 20  ± 1.3 twelvemonth ; height 160  ± 1.8 centimeter ; organic structure mass 58.1  ± 4.3 kilogram ; all mean  ± venereal disease ) or the male strength preparation experimental group ( MTG ) ( n= 4 males ; age 17  ± 1. 2 twelvemonth ; height 174.9  ± 4.1 centimeter ; organic structure mass 73.1  ± 13.7 kilogram ; all mean  ± venereal disease ) . All females were right pes dominant, with 6 males being right pes dominant and 2 left pes dominant. Foot laterality was self selected based on the participants answer to which pes they preferred kicking with to derive a maximum ball speed result. Subjects were informed about the demands, benefits and hazards of the survey, and completed an informed consent signifier and Par- Q prior to any testing ( see Appendix ) . Kick public presentation trial / Biomechanical proving In conformity to the survey of Masuda et Al ( 2004 ) kick public presentation was evaluated by mensurating the maximal and average speed of the ball, by the usage of Sports radio detection and ranging preciseness gun ( SRA 3000 ) , and a set figure of tests in which the ball hit the mark ( 5 times ) . Other measurings from this maximum boot were besides taken by agencies of Qualysis Oqus 3D gesture gaining control system, this uses multiple cameras ( an eight camera system ) to retrace three dimensional motion informations ; this was captured at a trying rate of 500 Hz for 5 seconds. This enabled human motion analysis during the executing of a motor undertaking ( instep boot ) to be traced via the usage of brooding markers, garnering quantitative information ( Cappozzo et al, 2005 ) . The graduated anatomical system technique ( CAST ) marker set was used ( Cappozzo et al, 1995 ) , each participant was instrumented with 44 retroflective markers ( see figure 7 and 8 ) . All markers and bunchs used when capturing the information was with the purpose to: non significantly modify the public presentation being captured and measured as stated by Brand and Crownshield ( 1981 ) . These markers were placed on anatomical landmarks ( median and sidelong side of proximal and distal terminal of segements ) by tactual exploration utilizing counsel from Croce et Al ( 2005 ) , and on sections utilizing bunchs in conformity with Manal et Al ( 2000 ) who province that a stiff shell with a bunch of four markers is the optimum constellation for a bunch set. Specific places were provided for all participants, with the anatomical landmarks placed on these anterior to proving ( figure 6 ) . Before informations aggregation of each participant commenced, the gesture gaining control system was calibrated ( see figure 9a ) to let information assemblage of spacial location of anatomical landmarks in respects to a known frame of mention ( Cappozzo et al, 1994 ) . This occurred by the usage of a wand, which carries two markers of a given distance ( 750.5mm ) , and is made to co-occur with the mark anatomical landmarks by traveling dynamically through the volume of cameras ( Cappozzo et al, 2005 ; Richards, 2008 ) over a standardization frame placed in the informations aggregation country ( see figure 9b ) , this is removed so informations for the intended activity ( instep boot ) can be performed and recorded. A inactive of each participant with bunchs and anatomical markers was so taken ( see figure 10 ) inquiring participants to derive a position where anatomical markers can be seen by two or more cameras for at least a frame. Once this was achieved merely tracking markers w ere kept on ( thigh and shank bunchs, anterior superior iliac spinal column ( ASIS ) , posterior superior iliac spinal column ( PSIS ) , greater trochanter, iliacs, pes markers except 1st and 5th metatarsals ) , as Cappozzo ( 1984 ) states markers used for placing anatomical landmarks should be removed earlier physical motion is performed. Qualysis Track Manager ( QTM ) was the package used to capture the informations including statics, dynamic motion and standardization. The set-up design for the kick public presentation trial can be seen in figure 11. Specific instructions were given to participants sing their boots, it was stated that although the boots that missed the mark would be repeated, they should non give velocity in order to better truth. A ball of standard size and standard rising prices ( F A ; eacute ; vitamin D A ; eacute ; ration Internationale de Football Association, FIFA, criterion ) was used. A tune-up was conducted, this took topographic point on a treadmill ( 5-10 mins ) followed by stretching, one time the campaigner felt they had been sufficiently warmed up pattern tests took topographic point. 2-3 pattern tests were implemented leting participants to introduce themselves with trial equipment and kicking conditions. Participants were allowed to self choose their attack angle to the ball ( between 0 A ; deg ; to 60 A ; deg ; ) , the lone restraint utilised was the attack distance to the ball ; participants were allowed a ru n up of between 2 to 3 meters this distance was marked and made noticeable to the participants. 5 successful tests were recorded on the dominant leg, a successful test was classed as one which hit the mark and the gesture gaining control informations was seen to be equal, merely 3 of these tests were analysed ( informations deemed as hapless quality was discarded ) . This proving took topographic point both pre and station intercession. Once informations aggregation had been completed in QTM, the information was used and markers labelled ; including both inactive and dynamic informations. For dynamic informations, this took topographic point through calling the markers in a dynamic frame and processing this to the corresponding information. An purpose theoretical account was built, this was so generated and batch processed to all the dynamic tests, the checking of each anatomical frame ensued to guarantee all markers were labelled right. Once this process was completed information was so exported to Visual 3D for farther analysis and theoretical account edifice. Datas from QTM ( see figure 10 ) was built in to existent organic structure sections that could be visually seen and recognised ; this occurred through theoretical account edifice on Ocular 3D. Figure 12 shows some illustrations of how the right manus side of the organic structure was built ; the same was done for the left side. Once exemplary edifice had be en completed, all tests were checked and different grapevines were put in topographic point ( a set of bids that can alter or bring forth informations wanted ) . An insertion grapevine was conducted on the information to make full in losing information points, a 10 frame spread fill was instrumented, make fulling in spreads more than this suggest that information is of hapless quality. A low base on balls filter ( utilizing Butterworth filter ) grapevine was put in topographic point on the information, to smooth and take noise that could be due to comparative and absolute mistakes ( soft tissue artifacts ) ( Richards, 2008 ) , with a cut of frequence of 6 Hz used. Cut off frequences antecedently used in other literature are between 6-18 Hz ( Andersen et al, 1999 ; Dorge et Al, 2002 ; Nunome et Al, 2002 ; Teixeira, 1999 ) . To find heel work stoppage of the non-kicking leg at arrangement the event minimal grapevine was used on the non-dominant leg ( heel ) , to happen the lowest poin t of the heel in the omega axis ( see figure 13 ) . For information between a scope of motions to be determined, the event ball contact was defined ( see figure 14 ) . Segment speed ( in x axis ) of the thigh, shank and pes was extracted from the informations, in the studies subdivision, utilizing the scope of events antecedently defined ( non-dominant leg heel contact and ball impact ) to visually see informations between and up to those chosen points. Muscular strength trial Isokinetic concentric extremum torsion of the dominant leg was measured utilizing an isokinetic ergometer ( ISOCOM- isokinetic engineering, eurokinetics ) see figure 15. The strength trial involved motion of the articulatio genus ( extension and flexure ) to observe muscular strength in the articulatio genus extensor musculus groups. The angular speed used for the motion was 60 A ; deg ; s-1 ; this angular speed has been used by many research workers to measure articulatio genus muscular strength of football participants ( Kellis et al, 2001 ; Ergun et Al, 2004 ; Dauty et Al, 2002 ) . Prior to undergoing the trial a tune-up was conducted, dwelling of a 10 min warm up of cycling and 5mins of dynamic stretching, completion of this lead to the familiarization procedure of the trial protocols for the isokinetic motions that were tested including pattern tests. Three maximal voluntary repeats of flexure and extension at 60 A ; deg ; s-1 took topographic point in a sitting place, with fi ve familiarization tests taking topographic point beforehand, the participants were warned as to when the existent tests were about to get down. The extremum torsion value was used to stand for muscular strength ; this is considered to be the gilded criterion in isokinetic measuring ( ISOCOM proving and rehabilitation user manual ) . This proving took topographic point both pre and station intercession with the same protocol applied for both proving. Training programme The preparation programme undertaken in this survey was a synthesis of findings derived from published articles for illustration preparation books and diaries ( Manolopoulous et Al, 2006 ; Zatsiorsky A ; Kraemer, 2006 ; Chu, 1998 ) . The FTG and MTG followed a 6-week preparation programme dwelling of 1 session per hebdomad ( each session consisting of up to an hr and a half ) including a warm up and chief activities. The chief activity consisted of a circuit manner manner plyometrics, kick co-ordination and strength work ensemble, with exercisings such as ; lurchs, knee bend leaps, opposition set work, nucleus stableness ball work and hurdle work included. Technical game drama was incorporated into each session at the terminal of the circuit ; with the purpose of bettering kick coordination and accent placed on maximum speed boots. All facets of the preparation programme were designed to acquire increasingly harder over the period of six hebdomads with appropriate accommodations in strength made to adhere to this. The first two hebdomads were aimed at bettering general strength and kick co-ordination, with participants put to deathing basic exercisings such as sidelong leaps and lurchs in the circuit. In the undermentioned two hebdomads opposition was added to exercisings such as lurchs, as the usage of 5kg weights was implemented, and opposition sets were introduced, the strength was increased consequently ; farther kick co-ordination exercisings took topographic point to assist increase ball speed. In the concluding two hebdomads the strength was increased with fluctuations to exercisings already implemented such as the sideways board, sidelong hurdle leaps with a boot up and side pes fusillade, the usage of footballs within the circuit was farther instigated to ease football specific strength of the limbs. Strength work was still in topographic point via usage of altered plyometric exercisings and opposition sets and kick-coordination technique drills were still implemented. ( See Appendix for elaborate lineation of the preparation programme ) . Data decrease and analysis All kick public presentation and strength informations were recorded on a Personal computer utilizing the plan QTM at a trying rate of 500Hz, with certain informations extracted from participant information sheets. QTM information was exported into Ocular 3D and used to derive natural informations via the procedures antecedently explained ( see Appendix for natural informations and an illustration of a participant information sheet ) . All natural informations is expressed as agencies and standard divergence ( STD ) . The mean value over 3 tests for each status was calculated and statistically analysed, apart from muscular strength where extremum torsion was used, to assist history for human variableness. 2 ten 2 analyses of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) with repeated steps design was used to place potentially important differences in ball speed and articulatio genus extensor strength informations, between the groups, before and after the intercession and besides for articulatio genus extens or strength. This examined the chief effects and the interactions between these two effects, as one independent variable was within and the other between. This type of ANOVA was conducted as two independent variables, were related to a individual quantitative dependant variable. Where important interactions were found, independent and mated samples post-hoc t-tests were conducted, to analyze where the differences between the agencies lie. The most of import forecaster of ball speed was assessed utilizing a multiple arrested development analysis and Pearson s correlativity co-efficient was calculated. SPSS package ( SPSS Inc. , Chicago, Ill. ) was used for statistical analysis. An alpha degree of.05 was used to find statistical significance.

Interactivity Enhancing Learning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interactivity Enhancing Learning - Case Study Example First is the use of the social media which is normally a personalized method and involve the use of weblogs and blogs that help give the learning children a ground to share and express their thoughts and ideas with their peers and other members of the society. Though highly criticized, social media such as my space and Facebook help connect millions and millions of learners who share information and other learning materials. Therefore the social media is credited with the creation of the global network of knowledge sharing that incorporate learners, teachers and other knowledge minded people. Secondly, interactive learning has taken advantage of urban computing technology like the wireless network, smartphones, search engines and other location-based media. These methods allow the competent and high level of interactivity between the people themselves and sometimes with their environment. The technology gives the learners easier time to assimilate knowledge that can be localized. Finally is the intelligent but complex use of serious games that create a virtual world by creating room for role commanding and community interaction. Games help in critical and analytical thinking, cooperation and problem-solving concept development. Research shows that game provides an excellent way of improving one's problem-solving ability; develop creativity, leadership quality, collaboration and other interpersonal skills (Milheim, 1995). According to (Bullard,2014) the adoption and introduction of technology like use of computers have improved both children and adult education through improving the social and the cognitive skills and at the same time enhance children technology skills. According to report from the international society for technology in education (ISTE) the use of technology improve the children through: i) use of devices such as mouse, keyboards, Audiotape and other technologies help develop thinking ability; ii).

The Role of Rearmament in International Relations Essay

The Role of Rearmament in International Relations - Essay Example After the World War I, many nations were disarming themselves to concentrate on rebuilding as the war had destroyed a lot of resources in terms of public infrastructure, killed a lot of people and the economies of most nations were on the downfall. Germany on the other hand left the league of nations and begun rearming itself again. This caused a threat to other nations in the region they could no sit back and wait to be attacked. 1The UK also embarked on rearmament program because Germany was becoming a threat. In the middle of 1930s, the British government obtained the biplanes to be used by the Royal Air Force and this was quite different from that which was being used in the First World War. Other weaponry obtained by the rearmament program included hawker hurricane, battleships, aircraft carriers and super marine spitfire. This came to be useful to them during the Second World War. 2 The end of the First World War was marked by the signing of the accord termed as the treaty of Versailles in the year 1919. The treaty was assented to by France, Italy, the Great Britain and not the US since it was later to draft its own accord with Germany in 1921. Many historians view the signing of the Versailles treaty as the major driving force that lead to the Second World War. ... Rearmament in the Rest of the World It's quite obvious that the most war oriented nations are those that spend a lot on rearmament obtaining more dangerous weaponry and military personnel. Germany has been criticized a lot for stimulating or rather initiating the Second World War. This is because by the time other nations were disarming and concentrating on development to recover what had been lost in the war, the Germans did the contrary and started building new weapons. In reaction to that, other countries like the UK begun to build weapons in fear that the Germans would attack them as the memories of the First World War were still fresh in their minds. 3 Hitler decided to violate the Versailles treaty claiming it was imposed to the German people. He called on all Germans to reunite and rearm and he stated clearly that the German would be the centre of the Europe and use the land to produce the food that the nation needed. For him to achieve this, Adolph Hitler realized that he needed a stronger army, than what he had inherited from his predecessor. He ordered the then army general to prepare an army of about 300,000 men, the ministry in charge of military was ordered to build 1,000 war planes and more military barracks were built as well. When the French refused his proposal to rearm, Hitler led the Nazi Germany out of the Geneva conference and was seen by many leaders as not being a supporter of external democracy and foreign policy. This led to reaction from other nations to follow suit. Japan was one of the nations to initiate a rearmament program. In 1936, its expenditure on national defense was estimated to be about 307 million dollars. France spent 716 million, the United Kingdom spent

Violations of Human Rights and Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Violations of Human Rights and Slavery - Essay Example Upon arrival into America, slaves had to deal with dehumanizing effects that destroyed their African culture. Although slave trade is no longer practiced in America today, Friglich, Kent, Hess, Mclyntyre, & Allen, (1-6)Â   confirm that there still are 10 states in America that deemed to be the worse for African American to live in. The index used to determine the ten states included household income, rates of home ownership, educational attainment costs, educational attainments, and poverty rates. These states are Connecticut, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, New Jersey, Kansas, Rhode island, Illinos, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. In these states, the disparity between the White and Black Americans is very pronounced resulting to uneven accessibility of job opportunities, payment, and better housing. In addition to discrimination, African americans have been stereotyped as lazy and are left to deal with their problems.

Teaching And Learning In The Digital Age Education Essay

Teaching And Learning In The Digital Age Education Essay Preparing learners for the demands of the 21st century requires committed, innovative teachers willing to push existing restrictions. It is also about effectively using the emerging technologies to enhance teaching and learning strategies. The unique and rapid changes happening in this field present various problems for teachers who are willing to experiment with their teaching and learning, roles and responsibilities, learning atmosphere and situations, patterns of interaction, strategies and theories, as well as, modes of assessment. Integrating technology in education can range from replicating existing educational practices through digital media with technology as tools, to transforming education to bring about new learning goals. Incorporating technology in the classroom can bring significant and positive changes in the teaching-learning process but it is not at all easy as we have strong conventional educational practices in our education system and integrating ICT will demand for the innovative role of the teacher as facilitator of the learning to the active role of the learner. The present paper focuses its attention on the problems and issues of the classroom and teaching-learning process in the digital age as it wont be easy to break existing pedagogical practices and adapt new ones. The paper further proposes the ways through which ICT can be effectively incorporated in the classroom. The paper also talks about the changing role of the teacher as well as of the learner in the world of technology and suggests the ways through which teachers can be motivated to use technological tools in their teaching-learning process. Key Terms: Teaching, Learning, Digital Age. INTRODUCTION: Integrating technology in education is a complex issue taking many forms that differ in purpose. This can range from replicating existing educational practices through digital media with technology as tools, to transforming education to bring about new learning goals. Education is at the core of powerful and rapidly shifting educational, technological and political forces that will shape the structure of educational systems across the globe for the rest of this century. Many countries are engaged in a number of efforts to achieve changes in the teaching-learning process to prepare students for information and technology based society. The UNESCO World Education Report (1998) notes that the new technologies challenge traditional conceptions of both teaching and learning and, by reconfiguring how teachers and learners gain access to knowledge, have the potential to transform teaching and learning processes. ICTs provide a range of powerful tools that may help in transforming the presen t isolated, teacher-centered and text-bound classrooms into rich, student-focused, interactive knowledge environments. The digital age means we now have interactive tools for the classroom to go alongside our more usual set of ideas and activities. Technology is both part of the problem and part of the solution. The information revolution itself has been fuelled by the growth of the Internet networked society but this revolution also offers alternative approaches to access, process and share knowledge, significantly reducing the importance of memory and the retention of a vast subject knowledge base (Burden, 2010). There is no longer the essential for teachers to retain a comprehensive body of subject knowledge which they are expected to be able to access and repeat with accuracy and speed. Subject knowledge is less likely to be perceived as placed in the individual teacher but rather as a shared effort in which the learner is capable of re-constructing new knowledge, both by themselves and as part of a collaborative effort (Ellis, 2007). The passive 3 Rs replaced by the more dynamic 3 Cs of collaboration, creativity and communication. These features challenge the traditional basis for teaching in schools. TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS: Schools today serve and shape a world in which there can be great opportunity to grow if people can learn to work creatively and collaboratively. Yet, instead of fostering creativity and uniqueness, more and more school systems have become preoccupied with traditional curriculum uniformity and pedagogical practices. Schools and teachers have been bound into the web of test scores and achievement targets. By and large, our schools are preparing young people neither to work nor to live well in this digital age. Twenty-first century teaching is no longer about the four walls of the classroom. Technology has enlarged the area of teaching-learning process as learners have the reach to vast store of information i.e. internet and they have lots of queries for this reason. So, pedagogical practices should necessarily be changed and capable enough to provide opportunities to the learners to discover the answers. It is also a fact that teaching has always adapted to its circumstances methodologically and physically, moving from lecture to pair work and from translation to communication, for example. Likewise, teachers have always tried to make the best use of any materials that they could get their hands on from slate to whiteboards, from hand-written postcards to authentic magazine articles, from radio recordings through to DVDs. Fig. 1, Teaching-Learning in the Digital Age The absolute degree of human knowledge, globalization and the accelerating rate of change due to technology necessitates a shift in our childrens education- from merely knowing to continuous cycle of learning, thus demanding the total change in the teaching learning process which is currently based on rote learning and memory. Digital age has opened up the new dimensions to the learning which are not visible in our existing traditional school system. Twenty first century learning is more complex than ever before as it includes various skills that must be acquired by the learner. Figure 2 presents these skills: Fig. 2, Skills of 21st Century Learner The days of only using chalkboards and books in the teaching learning process have gone. Nowadays, there is video or audioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ video interaction in childrens classrooms. Using the same skills used for centuries-analysis, synthesis, and evaluation-teachers now must look at digital literacy as another realm within which to apply elements of critical thinking. TEACHER IN THE DIGITAL AGE: In the recent years school education sector has realized that the teacher is the ultimate key to educational change and school effectiveness. The teachers do not merely deliver the curriculum, but they also develop, define and reinterpret. It is the task of teachers to tackle with the technology and to grow their learners to acquire skills of the 21st century. In the current scenario, the voice of the innovative teacher in the country is barely audible. This voice is rich in practice and experience and can aid us in understanding best suited pedagogical practices for learners. ICT has given new roles and responsibilities to the teacher. ICT challenges the existing authoritarian role of the teachers as the sole source of knowledge and information and demands to be themselves learner first. Teachers themselves need to learn the new way of learning, and in addition to new ways of helping others learn. This also means a massive shift in the role of the teacher and in all structural aspects of the school system. It can be a highlight for most of the teachers when they suddenly realize that they learned something by and for themselves, not just for next class tomorrow. Teachers are hardly ever asked what they already know and can do, what experiences they bring, which problems they would like to tackle. Such low expectations are set in their teacher education courses in university and more traditional professional development settings. Fig. 3, Roles Responsibilities of the Teacher in the Digital Age The greatest teachers teach naturally. It flows from them like a gentle rain; they cant help but teach. ICT is just another tool in the toolbox of a good teacher. ICT expects teachers to give the students middle stage in the classroom, providing opportunities to explore and inquire for their learning. Teachers should act as guides, facilitators and advisors, building linkages between their students individual interests and understandings and the common skills and knowledge society expects them to acquire. Teachers hold personal theories, cognitive constructs and guiding principles that determine their instructional decisions and technology integration. Teachers are reflective by nature and use their own systems of beliefs to pursue solutions to problems as determined by their contexts. ICT has made it relevant for a teacher to be a subject specialist, in addition be able to utilize the amazing power that computers offer. The real facts remain the same. The good teachers love and passion for their subject, whether it be art, poetry or geography, can and do enrich the childs learning experience. ICT enhances this enrichment, but it will be difficult to break the existing boundaries and to convince the teachers to play their new role. LEARNER IN THE DIGITAL AGE: Students in a traditional classroom are passive. They listen and react to the teachers direct instruction. NCF, 2005 also articulates that childrens voices and experiences do not find expression in the class. It further says that children will learn only in an atmosphere where they feel they are valued and our schools still do not convey this to all children. But ICT has changed the way students learn and the styles of learning they adopt. The learner today has multiple resources available to them. They are ahead of their teachers in using the technology and accessing information in various fields. They are less dependent on teachers and prescribed text books. They build upon their existing knowledge and derive their own meanings. It has provided them freedom and flexibility which was not available earlier. Learners have active, reflective role in this digital age. Todays children are growing up digital. Their view of the world is very different from that of adults, thanks to exceptional access to information, people, and ideas across highly interactive media. Todays children are the latest model of human being. Looking at the world of children is not looking backward at our own past-its looking ahead. They are our evolutionary future. But, it also proposes the biggest problem in the teaching-learning process in the present digital age. A common scenario today is a classroom filled with digitally literate students being taught by linearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ thinking, technologically obstructed teachers. Students have been exposed to these technologies or similar ones early on during their formative years while their teachers have just been exposed to it only recently. As a result, the students are sometimes more capable with the technology. In spite of this teachers are rarely given the chance to learn how to use this technologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ teachers are given the tools, but not the knowledge. Teachers increasingly are learning the technology on their own time. Students on the other are confident enough to use these technological advancements effectively and they even prefer it more on traditional methods of teaching and learning. Learners now have freedom to explore, discover and inquire whatever they want. ROLE OF ICT IN EDUCATION: Contemporary beliefs regarding learning have moved away from knowledge transmission models of simply imparting information to constructive knowledge models where knowledge is constructed. In the process of meaning making, technology is roped in to support the communication and construction of new knowledge resulting in new learning. Teachers want their learners to make their own decisions in future, enabling them to learn for themselves. The role of ICT in education can be seen as learning about, learning with and learning through ICT. ICT is used to liberate learners from the limitations of their physical environments due to inadequate infrastructure or lack of resources. ICT can mainly help in three areas that are as follows: Fig. 4, How ICT can help in the process of Teaching-Learning? Today ICT is an essential life skill in the same way as literacy and numeracy are. ICT provides an opportunity for economic development and is a requirement for employability. ICT is a tool for educational management that can improve teaching and learning. Teachers should utilize these technological advancements according to the particular context, pedagogy and activities during the lesson. Teachers need to be flexible to enough to use ICT. Use of ICT can create an interest among students which will result in learning at better pace and with ample opportunities to explore the answers to their various queries. But, it is not at all possible without changing the current traditional practices and roles that teachers and students are playing. CONCLUSION: ICT or digital age is the truth of our lives today which is unavoidable if one want to live, learn and move ahead in 21st century world. This digital age is a potentially liberating process freeing teachers and students from the acquisition and retention of information and enabling them to focus more on the creative processes of making connections and creating new paths which have meaning and purpose for the present time (Anderson and Krathwohl, 2000). ICT or digital age resources today offer great opportunities in education sector and especially to our schools for the beneficiary role they provide in information, learning and research. It clearly states that teachers should be digitally literate in order to use these ICT resources and tools. Existing traditional practices and roles necessarily be changed by the use of technology in the classroom. Teachers must be a facilitator and direct the students towards the right direction where as students should be provided with the freedom t o explore, discover and inquire. Resources should be made available to the schools in order to fulfill this objective and teachers must be educated digitally. It means, curriculum of teacher education will eventually be transformed into ICT based curriculum and exploratory pedagogical practices. ICT can enhance the teaching learning process and can make it more interactive than today. It will provide new dimensions to the learning as it will lead to autonomous learning. Constructivism will emerge as the new theory and technology will follow it in practice as it emphasizes on collaborative learning, real-world projects with authentic assessments with students accepting responsibility for their own learning. But all this will require internal inspiration and support system from our education system as well as the readiness to change and learn from everyone even from the students. Teacher training curriculum also need to be redesigned as teachers should themselves be learner and digita lly educated to be capable of using these ICT tools. REFRENCES: Anderson, L. and Krathwohl, D. (2000): Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Allyn Bacon: New York. Burden, K. (2010): Conceptualizing teachers professional learning with Web 2.0, Campus-Wide Information Systems 27, no. 3: 148-161.    Churchill, D. (2006): Teachers private theories and their design of technology-based learning; British Journal of Educational Technology, 37(4): p. 559-576. Dey, B., Saxena, K.M. Gihar, S. (2005), Information and Communication Technology and teacher Education : An empirical study : The Journal of Education, Vol. 1(2), pp.60-63 Ellis, V. (2007): Taking Subject Knowledge Seriously: From Professional Knowledge Recipes to Complex Conceptualizations of Teacher Development, The Curriculum Journal 18, 3: 447 462 Gardner, H. (1983): Frames of mind: A theory of multiple intelligences; Basic Books: New York. Glaserfeld, V. (1989): Constructivism in education; Pergamon Press: England. Jonesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Kavalier, B., Flannigan, S. (2006): Connecting the Digital Dots: Literacy of the 21st Century; Educause Quarterly, 29(2), 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 3. Leask, M. Paschler, N.(2003), learning to teach using ICT in the secondary schools, Routledge: London. National Curriculum Framework (2005): National Council of Educational Research and Training: New Delhi. UNESCO World Education Report (1998): United Nation.

Imagery of Snakes in Macbeth Essay examples -- European Literature

In the biblical book of Genesis, Eve is tempted by a serpent to commit an ungodly act of eating a forbidden fruit. As a result of the snake's temptation, Eve eats the fruit, resulting in the presence of worldwide sin and the downfall of perfection. From this story of Adam and Eve, the figure of the snake has become generally associated with temptation, evil, and cynicism. William Shakespeare employs this symbolic imagery of snakes in Macbeth, to enhance the story of the rise and fall of Macbeth's power. For poetic and playwright purposes, Shakespeare uses serpentine imagery to reveal the malevolence of characters, and portray the threatening position of the throne, all while provoking a heightened emotion of fear and tragedy from the audience. The first image of the snake is revealed during the initial arrival of evil. In act one, scene five, Lady Macbeth cries out for evil to fulfill her, so that she can posses the power to commit acts of treason. She describes this process as "unsexing" herself. "Come to my woman's breasts and take my milk for gall, you murd'ring ministers" (1.5.48-49). In ancient history it was believed that the venom of serpents was produced from their gall1. The process of "unsexing" herself could, as a result, be perceived as a metaphorical transformation into a snakelike creature. The "unsexing" process is an important part of the evil and complexity that Shakespeare was attempting to develop throughout the story, in order to invoke emotion from the audience. This "unsexing" process not only brings about a theme of witchcraft, but it also introduces a complex situation that the character must face: whether or not to give up good and loyalty for personal ambition. This decision is one that p... ...ke." The imagery of snakes throughout the story of Macbeth contributes to the mood and poetic prose of Shakespeare. Yet more importantly, the snake is a symbolic figure for malevolence and treachery. Shakespeare uses the "snake" to enhance the quality of his characters, and provide insight into their malevolence. The serpentine image also provokes emotion. As the story of Macbeth is a tragedy, the snake images provide a dark contrasting mood to the play, designed to heighten the sense of fear from the audience. People are generally afraid snakes, and Shakespeare uses this object as a tool to relate certain fears of the characters to the audience. Shakespeare is able to develop his characters while capturing the emotion of his audience all by his use of serpentine imagery. Works cited 1. Oxford English Dictionary. Search: gall.

Not What it Seems Essay

The quote, â€Å"Things are not always as they seem when you are looking from the outside in† is a perfect example of how we might think the world is perfect but in reality our life is a spider web. Playwright, Arthur Miller, captured this idea in his play, The Crucible. Miller focuses on the idea of image versus the reality in Salem. The purpose of Salem was to be a sin-free town; however, it was plagued with adultery, greed, and deceit. There is one sin that, because of its selfish and evil ways, causes the destruction of John Proctor and his image; this sin is adultery. In the Bible it is said that we are to lead a sin free life, and, more specifically, we are not supposed to commit adultery. Mentioned in Exodus 20:14 â€Å"Thou shall not commit adultery†, it clearly states that if anyone commits adultery then they have committed a sin. Salem, as mentioned, was created to be a â€Å"perfect† town, and Abigail and John’s affair goes against that philosophy. Not only is this a sin in the Bible, it also creates tension between John and Abigail. More importantly, it created an untrustworthy marriage for Elizabeth and John. However, John Proctor willingly admits to committing adultery with Abigail, and sees Abigail as a child and says, â€Å"Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time. But I will cut off my hand before I’ll ever reach for you again. Wipe it out of mind. We never touched, Abby† (Miller, 23). This shows us that John knows what he did was wrong and wants to gain forgiveness from God, but Abigail stands in his way of doing so. Since John said this to Abigail, she has been trying to get rid of the one person that stands in her way. Abigail thinks that if Elizabeth is out the picture then John will fall for her again; but this is not true, and she does whatever it takes to make John hers. In addition, Salem did not live up to its â€Å"image† is in greed. Greed can be a very destructive part of everyone’s life, and some people let their greed get out of control, which was exactly what happened in Salem during the witch trials. Two people’s greed brought up the whole tragedy of the trials, convictions and hangings; these individuals were Thomas Putnam and Reverend Parris. Unquestionably, Thomas Putnam was a hard-handed, landowner. He valued his land probably more than his marriage, or his possessions. He used his land as a power source to get anything that he wanted, he also used this power to get his neighbors accused and convicted of being witches. â€Å"He states that you coldly prompted your daughter to cry witchery upon George Jacob’s that is now in jail† (Miller 96). Putnam would convince his daughter to falsely accuse people of witch craft so once they were convicted; he would be able to purchase the deceased’s land, just giving him more land and power. He alone got others to start believing that some people among them were witches. The second greed-filled person is Reverend Parris; he felt that he was underpaid for his services. At one time he said to Giles Corey, â€Å"I regard that six pound as part of my salary†¦ You will look far for a man of my kind at sixty pound a year! † (Miller, 45) This shows us that Reverend Paris wants more material wealth; another case where this is present is when he preached for twenty weeks about having golden candlesticks on the altar until he finally got them. As the story progressed, he became greedier for his life and the life of his friends. When Proctor was about to be hanged, Paris begged and pleaded for Proctor’s life so that he would not be blamed for killing one of Salem’s â€Å"upper class†. Greed can make a person grow far from the lord and that is exactly what was going on in Salem. Without a doubt, deceit was the final and most important ingredient to Salem being filled and over-ran with the devil. The first example of deceit was found with Abigail Williams; she was the first person who was caught dancing in the woods and realized that if she turned on the others, her own life would be spared. She started making things up so that she would be in the center of life in Salem. Abigail threatened to kill anyone that told on her for witch craft and yet she went ahead and accused innocent people. â€Å"And mark this. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. And you know I can do it; I saw Indians smash my dear parents’ heads on the pillow next to mine and I have seen some reddish work done at night, and I can make you wish you had never seen the sun go down! † (Miller, 20) She accused many innocent people of being witches for her own personal good. She was worried about her image and did not want to get in trouble, but she thought she had the authority to accuse others for her own personal gain so she would not be considered of performing witch-craft. The best example of this would be when she accused Elizabeth Proctor of being a witch. Meanwhile, Abigail and John Proctor had an affair, and she perceived this to mean that John wanted to be with her instead of his wife. Then, she realized that the only way for the two of them to be together would be to kill Elizabeth in some way. The only â€Å"legal† way to do this would be to accuse Elizabeth of being a witch and making sure that she was convicted of this crime. Abigail knew that the punishment for the crime of witchcraft was hanging, and carried out her accusation so that she and John could â€Å"dance upon her grave together† (Miller, 110) With her saying this shows us that she cares for nothing more than her happiness and that she has devilish thoughts. This lie was a major sin and shows us that Abigail is: mean, selfish, backstabber. Since being condemned with adultery, greed, and deceit, the so-called â€Å"sin-free† town of Salem was everything but that; it was filled with the devil and evil. With Abigail and John committing adultery, Mr. Putnam’s obsession with wealth, and finally all the lies and backstabbing of Abigail, we can see Salem is not so perfect after all. Salem is a prime example of something looking good from the outside, but once you get inside, one can see the dirt and grime.