Mendels Law of Independent Assortment

In the 1860s, a monk named Gregor Mendel discovered many of the principles that govern heredity. One of these principles, now known as Mendels law of independent assortment, states that allele pairs separate during the formation of gametes. This means that traits are transmitted to offspring independently of one another. Key Takeaways Due to the law of independent assortment, traits are transmitted from parents to offspring independently of one another.Mendels law of segregation is closely related to and foundational to his law of independent assortment.Not all inheritance patterns conform to Mendelian segregation patterns.Incomplete dominance results in a third phenotype. This phenotype is an amalgam of the parent alleles.In co-dominance, both of the parental alleles are expressed fully. The result is a third phenotype that has characteristics of both alleles. Mendel discovered this principle after performing dihybrid crosses between plants that had two traits, such as seed color and pod color, that differed from one another. After these plants were allowed to self-pollinate, he noticed that the same ratio of 9:3:3:1 appeared among the offspring. Mendel concluded that traits were transmitted to offspring independently. The image above shows a true-breeding plant with the dominant traits of green pod color (GG) and yellow seed color (YY) being cross-pollinated with a true-breeding plant with yellow pod color (gg) and green seed color (yy). The resulting offspring are all heterozygous for green pod color and yellow seed color (GgYy). If the offspring are allowed to self pollinate, a 9:3:3:1 ratio will be seen in the next generation. About nine  plants will have green pods and yellow seeds, three will have green pods and green seeds, three will have yellow pods and yellow seeds, and one will have a yellow pod and green seeds. This distribution of traits of typical of dihybrid crosses. Mendels Law of Segregation Foundational to the law of independent assortment is the law of segregation. Mendels earlier experiments led him to formulate this genetics principle. The law of segregation is based on four main concepts. The first is that genes exist in more than one form or allele. Secondly, organisms inherit two alleles (one from each parent) during sexual reproduction. Thirdly, these alleles separate during meiosis, leaving each gamete with one allele for a single trait. Finally, heterozygous alleles exhibit complete dominance, as one allele is dominant and the other is recessive. It is the segregation of alleles that allows for the independent transmission of traits. Underlying Mechanism Unbeknownst to Mendel during his time, we now know that genes are located on our chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes, one of which we get from our mother and the other we get from our father, have these genes in the same location on each of the chromosomes. While the homologous chromosomes are very similar, they are not identical due to different gene alleles. During meiosis I, in metaphase I, as the homologous chromosomes line up at the cells center, their orientation is random so we can see the basis for independent assortment. Non-Mendelian Inheritance Pink Snapdragons. Crezalyn Nerona Uratsuji / Moment / Getty Images Some patterns of inheritance do not exhibit regular Mendelian segregation patterns. In incomplete dominance, for example, one allele does not completely dominate the other. This results in a third phenotype that is a mixture of those observed in the parent alleles. An example of incomplete dominance can be seen in snapdragon plants. A red snapdragon plant that is cross-pollinated with a white snapdragon plant produces pink snapdragon offspring. In co-dominance, both alleles are fully expressed. This results in a third phenotype that displays distinct characteristics of both alleles. For example, when red tulips are crossed with white tulips, the resulting offspring sometimes have flowers that are both red and white. While most genes contain two allele forms, some have multiple alleles for a trait. A common example of this in humans is ABO blood type. ABO blood types have three alleles, which are represented as (IA, IB, IO). Some traits are polygenic, which means that they are controlled by more than one gene. These genes may have two or more alleles for a specific trait. Polygenic traits have many possible phenotypes. Examples of such traits include skin color and eye color. Sources Reece, Jane B., and Neil A. Campbell. Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings, 2011.

Essay on Programs for the Treatment of Autism - 1679 Words

Programs for the Treatment of Autism Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder first termed by a man by the name of Kanner in 1943. He described a group of children as having severe language, behavior, and social interaction difficulties. These descriptors are what have come to be the core elements of autism today. Autism is characterized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (4th ed.) by a continuum of abnormal development in social interaction and communication combined with a restricted repertoire of activities and interests. Children with autism are typically diagnosed by the age of two, with the prognosis generally being poor. The American Psychiatric Associations 1994 estimated prevalence is about 1 per 1,000†¦show more content†¦Both children in the experimental group and control 1 received intensive one-to-one treatment beginning at average ages of 34.6 and 40.9 months respectively and continuing for two or more years. Children in the experimental group received at least 40 hours of treatmen t per week, whereas children in control 1 received 10 hours or less per week. Children in control 2 were not treated by the YAP personnel, but were given an unspecified form of treatment (Gresham et al., 1999). At the end of the project, 47% of the children in the experimental group were reported as having recovered. This indicating that their IQ scores were in the normal range (M=7, Range=94-120), they had passed the first grade in a regular education classroom, and they showed continuing increases in social, emotional, and educational functioning. Lovaas also reported that the school staff described these children as indistinguishable from their normal peers. No children from control 1 and only one child from control 2 reached this point of recovery (Gresham et al., 1999). Although the YAP appears to have been successful, there are many methodological issues to be considered. Most importantly is the lack of random selection, being a threat to both internal and external validi ty. For example, we cannot prove that the improvements were a direct cause of the treatment and had nothing to do with the children being from the same area. This study has not been able to beShow MoreRelatedAutism And The Prevalence Of Autism762 Words   |  4 PagesThe term autism has become a hot topic in recent years. The increasing number of children being diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) coupled with the uncertainty of the cause and treatment methods has only added fuel to the fire. The Center for Disease Control currently reports the rate of diagnosis at 1 in 68 children (Baio, 2014). 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Autism has been around for the past hundred years, however previous to theRead MoreThe Effects Of Autism On Children And Adults Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pages Autism AP 226 BD 12/06/2016 Elizabeth Kimbrough â€Æ' Imagine how you would feel not being able to express yourself, or not being understood by others. Think of all the struggles you may go through. This is how many children and adults that are living with Autism feel today. Autism is a serious disease that needs a cure to better the lives of children and adults. Autism is the fastest growing disability in the United States. There are many questions being asked about Autism. Is there a cure for AutismRead MoreChildhood Disorders1296 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood Disorders Autism and Children Abnormal Psychology Professor Bruce Cameron July 22, 2007 Abstract: Autism is a brain development disorder that is found in children usually before the age of three. 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War and Peace Free Essays

1310 10/17/12 War War is inevitable when disasters exist, but can sometimes be avoidable when conflicting over cultural matters. Primarily, it is in man’s best interest to provide for himself and his family. Those are his two biggest priorities. We will write a custom essay sample on War and Peace or any similar topic only for you Order Now When any kind of disaster occurs, he must first look after himself and his family before ensuring the safety of others. A civilization works in the same way. Its goal is to carry out the way of life of the people and ensure that it survives. It will fail to reach that goal if the people in the civilization aren’t willing to fight for themselves and what they believe in. If some kind of natural calamity strikes or an outside power that is willing to kill moves in and violently forces its own laws, traditions, and customs, the people must take appropriate actions or face the downfall of their own kind. They must fight to preserve their customs and traditions, or move to another place to live. Now if the intruding invader has any concern for the people, but still desires to enforce their laws upon them, non-violence can be used. Non-violence can only be an alternative to war if the force they are fighting against is non-violent. Otherwise, it will only get trampled upon by a violent, oppressive force. In order for a civilization to survive, it must have an adequate supply of resources for its people. A civilization’s supply of resources can easily be depleted by drought, famine, floods, disease and many other natural disasters. When this happens, the civilization must find a way to solve this problem. If a solution can’t be found while staying in the area, they must find another place to live, but that comes with risks. Going out and searching for a new place is very dangerous and many people may die. Another option the impoverished group of people might take would be to seek help to a nearby but separate establishment. This puts the struggling group in the hands of the healthy one. It is then up to the healthy group to decide if they are going to share their resources or deny it to them. The denial of aide will displease the struggling group and they might have to turn to violence to protect their people. This is because no compromise can be made and both groups are looking out for themselves. Humanity’s natural instinct o survive is the primary reason why violent wars are inevitable. As I have mentioned before, a civilization’s goal is to do anything they can to ensure the prominence and survival of their culture. The Crusades of the middle-ages are a perfect example of acting out on this cultural pride. In 1071, the Catholic Church had previously lost access of the Holy Lands to the Turks. They make a comeback in 1095, at the main series of the Crusades. A lot of conflict and fighting occurred at this time and lasted until 1291. Due to the reason they were fighting, war could have easily been avoidable. The Christians and the Muslims weren’t necessarily fighting for resources, but for the right to own the Holy Lands. The reason both religions wanted it was because both had ties to it. Since they weren’t fighting for resources, they should have been able to share the land without bloodshed. Both should have been able to exist with each other without conflict. Non-violence can be an alternative to war, but only if the people’s lives are a factor in the opposing force’s power. When the British were controlling their colonies in India, they were imposing taxes and trade. The British were using India for its own economic benefits. If the British started killing off the Indians, then there wouldn’t be anybody to pay them their taxes, not to mention it could start a war neither party could afford or want. Even if the British decided to get violent against the resistance, non-violence would have still been effective. This is because the British would use violence to induce fear, but at a cost. Since the British economy is dependent on the population of the people, they would actually damage themselves if they were to kill. When people are faced with the options to either fight or die because of competition over resources, they will chose to fight and war will occur. Some wars and conflicts in the past could have been avoided because both parties were intolerant of each other but wanted the same land. In this case, conflict should never have happened, and compromise should have been the solution. How to cite War and Peace, Essays

Global Tourism Destination Specialization -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Global Tourism Destination Specialization? Answer: Introduction Tourism is the cultural and social consolidation that provides sustainable input in the global economy. The travel activity has grown up around 25% in last ten years (Vila, Darcy Gonzlez, 2015). Thus, people encourage the traveling and take part in it. In this report, the effective discussion shed light on the traveling perspective of Canada, UK, Spain, and Costa Rica. All these places are very beautiful in terms of nature and climatic aspect but their influence in travel and tourism is being discussed here. Significance and impact of popular destination Tourism popularity is depended on certain criteria like the beauty of that place, environment and market accessibility, the source of raw material, emerging market of such valuable products, cheap tour possible planning, beaches, wildlife, and entertainment. These are the most advancing and demanding inputs that a tourist wants at his holiday place. The business of travel and tourism has sustained by the engagement and satisfaction of traveler, thus efforts and activities by the traveling employees must be there to make their organization a competitive advantage (Zhang, Lyu Yan, 2015). In global travel market, the position of traveling desire has cherished by Canada, Costa Rica, France, UK and other countries as people love their environment, culture, and markets. Costa Rica is a Central American region with tropical rainforest where people love to go there for feel such kind of beauty on earth. On the other hand, Canada is the second largest country with mountains and parks. The UK is being famous for their architecture, history, and heritage. The place is being famous for the historian traveler as well those who love the bridges, river, and theatres. A cultural accumulation is being seen over the place (Vila, Darcy Gonzlez, 2015). The travel and tourism business in Spain is quite effective and that contribute positive effect to the countrys GDP. 14.2% of GDP contribution has found in 2016 which has risen by 3.8% in 2017. The expected growth of travelling in Spain will be increased by 2.0% per annum within 2027 (Wttc.org, 2017). This is a phenomenal change that encourages the travelling experience in Spain. Frances travel and tourism sector has made a direct contribution of 90 % to GDP and established as the 5th GDP delivering nation. Thaila nd has a direct contribution of 9.2% in 2016 of total GDP from travel and tourism sector and that will rise by 6.7% per annum from 2017 to 2027 (Wttc.org, 2017). Macau has an immense contribution to the GDP as they contribute 43.9% in 2014 of total GDP from travel and tourism sector and this will rise 4.0% pa, from 2015 onwards (Wttc.org, 2017). New Zealand contribution to GDP is fluctuating 17.5% of total GDP has been extracted from traveling. The real contribution has found 31.8 billion US dollars and that accelerate the countrys economy. From the economic perspective, tourism helps in the global economy and generates more employment opportunities. The socio-cultural enhancement is also sustained and it makes a cultural identity of each country which reflects the traditional community of accumulation. The quality of service and the emergent community engagement is also welcomed by the stages of travel. The development of infrastructure encourages the prospects of tourism in the co untry. Generally, popular destinations are characterized by the ethnic beauty of the city, culture, variety of sea, mountain and wildlife all this are associated factors to enrich the development of the traveling economy. The strategic location of the place, food, art, and culture all these are associated belongings that traveling is supposed to concern with (Priego, Rossell Santana-Gallego, 2015). The location with all these things can be sustained as the popular location and those do not have such facilities are regarded as the less popular location. Opportunities and challenges of tourism The key challenges of tourism consist of several key sustainable points that highlight the nature of tourism in a country. The first and foremost challenge determines the seasonal demand and the accessibility into it by the tourists. Legitimate addressing of tourism transport and the availability of tourism convene challenges which the tourism department has to bear in. proper evaluation of natural heritage sites improve the quality of tourism. Resourcing of waste material and production use of waste is another issue of concern for them (Morrison, 2013). These all are the impactful challenges other than route planning, weather acceptance and all. Opportunities for investment growth, destination marketing, economic enhancement, an experience of new places and new people all these are rational opportunities of tourism. The growth rate of business has boosted up the economy of the country by recruiting people in the different departments of the tourist sector (Lloyd, 2014). The opportunities are influenced by the growing aspect in tourism. The world of tourism and their destination management has encouraged the world; people love to travel and that signifies the imperative travel industry, making the continuous improvement in travel and tourism economy. The future of travel and tourism department is a golden hope as the socio-demographic trend in traveling has emerged in the expected form that manages and improved the traveling scenario (Morrison, 2013). New designing in tourist module, special care for senior citizens, marketing engrossment, expansion of business world, new destination evolvement, more risk-free situations and more weather friendly and nature-friendly overview impacted the new traveling mindset and scenario (Conlin Bird, 2014). Conclusion Therefore the report can conclude that global tourism has grown in a rapid manner. The technological assistance, popular destinations, and opportunities of the traveling are impacted by the economy of travel and tourism. There are certain challenges they have to face for the sustainable business maintenance in traveling. Thus the natural beauty and committable traveling outcome will be considered as the upgraded economy of world travel and tourism. References: Conlin, M. V., Bird, G. R. (Eds.). (2014).Railway heritage and tourism: global perspectives(Vol. 37). Channel View Publications. Lloyd, D. W. (2014).Battlefield tourism: Pilgrimage and the commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919-1939. AC Black. Morrison, A. M. (2013).Marketing and managing tourism destinations. Routledge. Priego, F. J., Rossell, J., Santana-Gallego, M. (2015). The impact of climate change on domestic tourism: a gravity model for Spain.Regional environmental change,15(2), 291-300. Vila, T. D., Darcy, S., Gonzlez, E. A. (2015). Competing for the disability tourism marketa comparative exploration of the factors of accessible tourism competitiveness in Spain and Australia.Tourism Management,47, 261-272. Zhang, S. J., Lyu, P. H., Yan, Y. (2015). Global geographical and scientometric analysis of tourism-themed research.Scientometrics,105(1), 385-401. Wttc.org, (2017) Available from: https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2017/thailand2017.pdf [Accessed on 16th September 2017]